Definition and Overview of Fès

Fès, also spelled Fez, is one of the oldest and most culturally significant cities in Morocco. Located in the north-central part of the country, it is known as the spiritual and intellectual capital of Morocco. The city is divided into three main parts:

1. Fès el-Bali (Old Fès) – The ancient walled city, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, home to the University of Al Quaraouiyine and bustling souks.

2. Fès el-Jdid (New Fès) – Built in the 13th century and known for the Royal Palace and Mellah (Jewish quarter).

3. Ville Nouvelle – Established during the French colonial era, reflecting European-style urban planning.

History of Fès:

1. Founding (8th Century):

Fès was founded in 789 CE by Idris I, the founder of the Idrisid dynasty. His son, Idris II, expanded the city and made it a center of governance and religion.

2. Golden Age (9th–13th Century):

Fès flourished under the Almoravid, Almohad, and Marinid dynasties. During this time, it became a hub for Islamic scholarship, trade, and culture. The University of Al Quaraouiyine, established in 859 CE, is considered one of the oldest continuously operating universities in the world.

3. Economic and Cultural Peak (13th–14th Century):

Under the Marinids, Fès el-Bali expanded significantly, and Fès el-Jdid was built. The city was adorned with mosques, madrasas, and palaces, solidifying its reputation as a cultural and intellectual capital.

4. Decline and Revival (15th–19th Century):

Fès experienced periods of decline due to political instability, competition from other Moroccan cities, and colonial influence. However, it remained a center of traditional crafts, education, and spirituality.

5. modern Era (20th–21st Century):

During the French protectorate (1912–1956), Fès modernized while maintaining its historic charm. Today, it is a popular tourist destination, celebrated for its rich history, vibrant souks, and the preserved medieval architecture of Fès el-Bali.

Cultural Significance: